the sources in the United States and the Philippines, ranging from personal papers, newspapers, and military civilian archives.

Kramer provides an innovative account of the global transformations of race and the centrality of empire to twentieth-century U.S. nativist efforts to insulate the United States from its colonies, even at the cost of Philippine independence. The former were subjected to a calibrated colonialism that gradually extended them self-government as they demonstrated their 'capacities.' The latter were governed first by Americans, then by Christian Filipinos who had proven themselves worthy of shouldering the 'white man's burden.' Ultimately, however, this racial vision of imperial nation-building collided with U.S. colonialists, in dialogue with Filipino elites, divided the Philippine population into 'civilized' Christians and 'savage' animists and Muslims. In the wake of a racial-exterminist war, U.S. Kramer argues that Philippine-American colonial history was characterized by struggles over sovereignty and recognition. empire, and how empire-building in turn transformed ideas of race and nation in both the United States and the Philippines. Kramer reveals how racial politics served U.S. In this pathbreaking, transnational study, Paul A. imperialists justified their colonial empire by crafting novel racial ideologies adapted to new realities of collaboration and anticolonial resistance. In 1899 the United States, having announced its arrival as a world power during the Spanish-Cuban-American War, inaugurated a brutal war of imperial conquest against the Philippine Republic.

The blood of war